1292-1293 “Attracting national attention, Lincoln’s house-divided speech sounded very radical. The election came. A house is capable of sheltering and protecting its inhabitants, but it is also capable of caving in on them. Since the Dred Scott decision revoked the ability of territorial legislatures to exclude slavery, anti-slavery territorial residents have no “freedom” to advocate for their beliefs. He logically points out that if satanic power could be used to expel demons, Satan’s influence would quickly decline. Did we brave all then to falter now?—now, when that same enemy is wavering, dissevered, and belligerent? The outgoing President, in his last annual message, as impressively as possible echoed back upon the people the weight and authority of the indorsement. Within weeks, Stephen Douglas would twist Lincoln’s meaning and paint him as a warmonger and radical abolitionist. Each successive clause reminds his audience that Douglas is an outsider and that he has made no promise to ever support the anti-slavery clause. "A house divided against itself cannot stand." That argument was incorporated into the Nebraska bill itself, in the language which follows: "It being the true intent and meaning of this act not to legislate slavery into any Territory or State, nor to exclude it therefrom; but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way, subject only to the Constitution of the United States." Up until the 1850s, the balance between slave states and free states had been carefully maintained. The speech is engraved on the north interior wall of the Lincoln Memorial. Why are the people of a Territory and the people of a State therein lumped together, and their relation to the Constitution therein treated as being precisely the same? Once the Dred Scott decision declared Congressional restrictions on slavery unconstitutional, the mold was no longer needed and Douglas’s Nebraska doctrine “fell back into loose sand.”, Lincoln uses alliteration and simile to showcase the failure of Douglas’s popular sovereignty doctrine and to highlight its role in expanding slavery. Lincoln extends his machinery metaphor and uses a numbered list to review the stipulations of the Dred Scott decision. This shows exactly where we now are; and partially also, whither we are tending. Whereas Douglas is “not with” the Republicans and “does not promise ever to be,” the “undoubted friends” of the party have their “hearts in the work” and “care for the result.” As he brings his speech to a close, Lincoln emphasizes the important work ahead of the Republican party. Lincoln poses a hypothetical scenario wherein either McLean or Curtis attempted to convince the court majority to specify that states could exclude slavery from their borders. Our cause, then, must be intrusted to, and conducted by, its own undoubted friends—those whose hands are free, whose hearts are in the work, who do care for the result. He don't care anything about it. However, beginning with the Compromise of 1850 and the strengthening of the Fugitive Slave Act, the anti-slavery cause began losing ground. That was the second point gained. Under the Dred Scott decision, "squatter sovereignty" squatted out of existence, tumbled down like temporary scaffolding - like the mold at the foundry served through one blast and fell back into loose sand - helped to carry an election, and then was kicked to the winds. Abraham Lincoln: “House Divided” Speech (1858) Log in to see the full document and commentary. They have already made “the frame of a house” using the Kansas-Nebraska Act and Dred Scott decision. "Not we," said the friends of the measure; and down they voted the amendment. But clearly, he is not now with us—he does not pretend to be—he does not promise ever to be. By addressing the court holdings in an organized manner, Lincoln brings clarity to both the individual mechanisms of the decision and the overarching implications of it. Abraham Lincoln's "House Divided" speech 16 June 1858: Text cited in Roy P. Braster, Ed. The short, clipped phrases Lincoln uses to introduce Buchanan’s election give the speech a sense of narrative motion. Though his audience was likely familiar with the court decision, Lincoln’s decision to review the individual parts of it allows him to interpret the different components within his own argumentative framework. We shall not fail-if we stand firm, we shall not fail. —Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life (2 volumes, originally published by Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008) Unedited Manuscript By Chapters, Lincoln Studies Center, Volume 1, Chapter 12 (PDF), pp. By comparing the United States to a house, Lincoln evokes the visual image of a structure on the verge of collapse. The working points of that machinery are: Lincoln’s speech on the evening of Tuesday, April 11—one of the rare formal addresses he delivered during his presidency—would reflect his uneasy state of mind. Mr. Lincoln spoke at the close of the Republican State Convention. Certainly the people of a State are and ought to be subject to the Constitution of the United States; but why is mention of this lugged into this merely territorial law? Mr. Buchanan was elected, and the indorsement, such as it was, secured. Secondly, that "subject to the Constitution of the United States," neither Congress nor a Territorial Legislature can exclude slavery from any United States Territory. The speech was aimed at Senator Stephen A. Douglas and any Republicans who might think of supporting Douglas. "But," said opposition members, "let us amend the bill so as to expressly declare that the people of the Territory may exclude slavery." The 1856 presidential election featured three primary candidates: Democrat James Buchanan, Republican John C. Fremont, and American Party candidate Millard Fillmore. By using the term “squatter sovereignty,” Lincoln aligns himself with the anti-slavery cause and also disparages his opponent’s key philosophy. Off-Site C-SPAN Video of Fritz Klein Re-Enactment First, that no negro slave, imported as such from Africa, and no descendant of such slave can ever be a citizen of any State, in the sense of that term as used in the Constitution of the United States. Though Buchanan won the election by a sizeable margin, he did not obtain 50% of the popular vote, which Lincoln refers to as a “clear popular majority.” Lincoln references this lack of a clear majority in order to undermine the idea that the majority of the United States was truly pro-slavery. 301 certified writers online ABRAHAM LINCOLN, "A HOUSE DIVIDED": SPEECH AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS (16 JUNE 1858) Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention. Why even a senator's individual opinion withheld till after the presidential election? Listen to and read the House Divided speech delivered by U.S. Senate Candidate Abraham Lincoln on June 16, 1858 at the statehouse in Springfield, Illinois. Curtis became the only Supreme Court Justice in US history to resign on a matter of principle, citing the tense atmosphere in the court in the wake of the Dred Scott case. However, a group of Southern secessionists, referred to as the Fire Eaters, advocated for reinstating it. A House Divided Speech at the Illinois State Capitol. Under the Dred Scott decision "squatter sovereignty" squatted out of existence, tumbled down like temporary scaffolding,—like the mold at the foundry, served through one blast and fell back into loose sand,—helped to carry an election, and then was kicked to the winds. Combining allusion and metaphor, Lincoln suggests that even if Douglas were a mighty “lion” of a politician, his attachment to popular sovereignty and the Democratic party would make him an unlikely ally to the anti-slavery cause. —Harold Holzer, Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech that Made Abraham Lincoln President (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 2 “Harold Holzer boldly calls the Cooper Union talk “the speech that made Abraham Lincoln president.” I will be so bold as to say that it was popular sovereignty that made Lincoln … Possibly, this is a mere omission; but who can be quite sure, if McLean or Curtis had sought to get into the opinion a declaration of unlimited power in the people of a State to exclude slavery from their limits, just as Chase and Mace sought to get such declaration, in behalf of the people of a Territory, into the Nebraska bill—I ask, who can be quite sure that it would not have been voted down in the one case as it had been in the other? The “Little Giant” nickname was meant as a show of respect to Douglas. During the 1850s, the US Supreme Court was overseen by Chief Justice Roger Taney (1777–1864), who succeeded Chief Justice John Marshall in 1836. Though the Democratic establishment may be conspiring to expand slavery across the United States, the Republicans “shall not fail” in their effort to oppose that expansion. He then asks his audience to consider “what work the machinery is adapted to do,” setting up the primary claim of his speech: The Kansas-Nebraska Act and The Dred Scott decision are part of a larger conspiracy within the government aimed at expanding slavery across the entire United States. Lincoln acknowledges this divide in voter sentiment by posing the question of how the Republican cause can best be advanced. Said a New York writer, "No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience." He don't care anything about it. After being printed by New York newspapers, the speech was widely circulated as campaign literature. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, “A HOUSE DIVIDED”: SPEECH AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS (16 JUNE 1858) Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention. If he has any parental feeling, well may he cling to it. Pierce spent the majority of his presidency attempting to defuse tensions over slavery. Learn more. That is what we have to do. Lincoln uses the first-person singular pronoun “I” sparingly throughout the speech, favoring instead the more unifying plural pronoun “we.” However, he reverts to an “I” statement as he questions Douglas’s apparent apathy with regards to the slavery issue. They were legislating for Territories, and not for or about States. Our cause, then, must be intrusted to, and conducted by its own undoubted friends-those whose hands are free, whose hearts are in the work-who do care for the result. A House Divided Speech. Lincoln appeals to logos by quoting directly from the Kansas-Nebraska Act and emphasizing that it is only logical to allow the territories to exclude slavery if popular sovereignty and freedom are truly the goal. Let any one who doubts carefully contemplate that now almost complete legal combination—piece of machinery, so to speak—compounded of the Nebraska doctrine and the Dred Scott decision. Study guide and teaching aid for Abraham Lincoln: House Divided Speech featuring document text, summary, and expert commentary. On March 4, 1865, only 41 days before his assassination, President Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office for the second time. It also illustrates his ability to see the bigger picture and his understanding of the political climate of the period. Put this and that together, and we have another nice little niche, which we may, ere long, see filled with another Supreme Court decision declaring that the Constitution of the United States does not permit a State to exclude slavery from its limits. By crafting a chilling image of Illinois’s being forced to become a slave state, Lincoln appeals to his audience’s fear of having their freedoms and morals trespassed upon. These things look like the cautious patting and petting of a spirited horse preparatory to mounting him, when it is dreaded that he may give the rider a fall. The implication is that the Kansas-Nebraska Act was only a temporary measure designed to create a “mold,” or niche, for the Dred Scott decision. Certainly the people of a State are and ought to be subject to the Constitution of the United States; but why is mention of this lugged into this merely territorial law? In my opinion, it will not cease until a crisis shall have been reached and passed. (2) That, "subject to the Constitution of the United States," neither Congress nor a territorial legislature can exclude slavery from any United States Territory. However, after the Kansas-Nebraska Act was enacted, Northern anti-slavery sentiments were inflamed. In at least 150 words, discuss how this analogy fits Lincoln's purpose in the "House Divided" speech. Can he possibly show that it is less a sacred right to buy them where they can be bought cheapest? It should not be overlooked that, by the Nebraska bill, the people of State as well as Territory, were to be left "perfectly free" "subject only to the Constitution." Did we brave all then to falter now? The act stipulated that the citizens of each new territory would vote on whether to legalize slavery. Identify what you think his purpose is, what the analogy is comparing, and how it fits with Lincoln's purpose. Lincoln employs parallelism in the phrase “avowed object and confident promise” to add a mocking rhythm to his condemnation of the “policy” that was implemented to end this “agitation.” By crafting a memorably parallel phrase using assertive diction, Lincoln creates contrast with the next sentence, which outlines the failure of that “confident promise.”. "A house divided against itself cannot stand." But can we, for that reason, run ahead, and infer that he will make any particular change of which he, himself, has given no intimation? By framing his theory in terms of points, Lincoln provides the audience a metric by which to judge the gains made by slavery proponents, creating an appeal to logos. This necessity had not been overlooked, but had been provided for, as well as might be, in the notable argument of "squatter sovereignty," otherwise called "sacred right of self-government," which latter phrase, though expressive of the only rightful basis of any government, was so perverted in this attempted use of it as to amount to just this: That if any one man choose to enslave another, no third man shall be allowed to object. Lincoln's House Divided Speech June 16, 1858, at the Illinois Republican convention Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention: If we could first know where we are and whither we are tending, we could better judge what to do and how to do it. Specifically, he references the text of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and one of the amendments introduced to the act by Senator Salmon P. Chase. What is the main purpose of the "House Divided Speech"? The transatlantic slave trade, here referred to as the African slave trade, refers to the importation of slaves from Africa. Lincoln ends the speech on an inspirational note: There may be obstacles, but if the Republicans persevere, “the victory is sure to come.” Lincoln appeals to his audience’s sense of optimism and party pride in order to leave them feeling hopeful about the future. Lincoln employs parallel structure and metaphor to emphasize the instability of the Union in its current state. Indeed, the combined total of votes for Fillmore and Fremont, both of whom were—to varying degrees—anti-slavery candidates, was greater than the total number of votes for Buchanan. Lincoln uses this phrase in a similar context, reminding his audience that the prolonged political divide over slavery will continue to weaken the nation. Lincoln employs a simile comparing Pierce, Buchanan, and Douglas’s actions in advance of the Dred Scott decision to those of a rider trying to sooth a “spirited horse.” The implication is that the Democratic administration knew that the nation would be upset by the decision, so they preemptively attempted to sooth that discontent by offering their endorsements. Just as a “house divided against itself cannot stand,” neither can a nation torn between opposing ideologies continue to function. He refers to a policy that has been in place for five years, the goal of which is to put an end to the conflict and turmoil stirred up by the debate over slavery in the country. Lincoln uses this interaction to bolster his claims surrounding governmental conspiracy by subtly implying that Douglas had foreknowledge of the Supreme Court decision. According to them, the north was attempting to destroy their traditional values and way of life. Lincoln uses anaphora—or the repetition of a word or phrase in successive clauses—to showcase the conclusions he hopes to have led his audience to. Though much of Lincoln’s speech is focused on dismantling the conspiracy behind the recent pro-slavery trends, his final call to action affirms the strength and moral superiority of the Republican cause. What the Constitution had to do with it outsiders could not then see. Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln scathingly questions a journalist’s assertion that Douglas will be needed to resist the reinstatement of the transatlantic slave trade. Abraham Lincoln's House Divided Speech-Rhetorical Analysis. It also extends the industrial metaphor by approaching the parts of the decision as one might approach a technical manual. The election was a source of major controversy, with nearly half of the votes thought to be fraudulent. Why the incoming President's advance exhortation in favor of the decision? Together, they work as a “machine” that is expressly designed to facilitate the spread of slavery. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. It was recited by Abraham Lincoln as he accepted the Republican Party nomination as a representative of the United States Senate. Using a simile, Lincoln compares the original Nebraska doctrine and the principle of popular sovereignty to a foundry mold. A House Divided Speech. Lincoln’s direct quote from Nelson’s concurrence bolsters his ethos by establishing Lincoln as someone intimately familiar with the Dred Scott case. Lincoln is referring to the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act, authored by Douglas. See in text (Text of Lincoln's Speech) Lincoln shows his frustration with the Dred Scott decision as he illustrates how damaging the ruling has been to the anti-slavery cause. And well may he cling to that principle. Now, Lincoln begins discussing the future and “whither” the United States is “tending” with regards to slavery. Several pro-slavery Southern politicians refused to vote on important infrastructural legislation unless slavery was legalized in Kansas and Nebraska. "A house divided against itself cannot stand." On one occasion his exact language is: "Except in cases where the power is restrained by the Constitution of the United States, the law of the State is supreme over the subject of slavery within its jurisdiction." This point is made in order that individual men may fill up the territories with slaves, without danger of losing them as property, and thus enhance the chances of permanency to the institution through all the future. And why the hasty after-indorsement of the decision by the President and others? How can we best do it? They met in Topeka in 1855 and produced the Topeka Constitution, which would have established Kansas as a free state. They remind us that he is a great man, and that the largest of us are very small ones. The new year of 1854 found slavery excluded from more than half the State by State Constitutions, and from most of the national territory by congressional prohibition. The "House Divided" Speech When Lincoln was nominated to be the candidate of the Illinois Republican Party for U.S. Senate he delivered a speech at the state convention on June 16, 1858. Got it. Can he possibly show that it is less a sacred right to buy them where they can be brought cheapest? Can we safely base our action upon any such vague inference? Proponents of slavery referred to popular sovereignty as “the sacred right of self government.” Opponents of slavery, like Lincoln, viewed it as a thinly veiled means of spreading slavery to the territories. And as the home producers will probably not ask the protection, he will be wholly without a ground of opposition. Lincoln encourages his audience to reject naivety and instead recognize that forces are conspiring to expand slavery across the United States. Lincoln introduces the "house divided" theme in the first section of his speech to illustrate just how bad the situation was in America. This result is not doubtful. Identify what you think his purpose is, what the analogy is comparing, and how it fits with Lincoln's purpose. However, for Republicans and other anti-slavery groups, slavery is a moral issue. A leading Douglas Democratic newspaper thinks Douglas' superior talent will be needed to resist the revival of the African slave trade. As Kansas and Nebraska were being formally settled in the early 1850s, debates sparked in Congress over the expansion of slavery into these new territories. Lincoln highlights the rationality of his own arguments by establishing a clear and logical cause and effect. Wise counsels may accelerate or mistakes delay it, but sooner or later the victory is sure to come. Instructors: CLICK HERE to request a free trial account (only available to college instructors) Primary Source Readers. Abraham Lincoln delivered the “House Divided” speech in Springfield, Illinois, on June 16, 1858 after the Republican State Convention nominated … It will become all one thing, or all the other. For the anti-slavery Republicans, the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Dred Scott decision were major losses. The several points of the Dred Scott decision, in connection with Senator Douglas' "care not" policy, constitute the piece of machinery, in its present state of advancement. We did this under the single impulse of resistance to a common danger, with every external circumstance against us. Why mention a State? It was made up primarily of abolitionists, former Whigs, anti-slavery Democrats, and free soilers. Lincoln issued these statements in acceptance of his nomination to run as the Republican candidate for a US Senate seat in the 1858 election. Auxiliary to all this, and working hand in hand with it, the Nebraska doctrine, or what is left of it, is to educate and mould public opinion, at least Northern public opinion, to not care whether slavery is voted down or voted up. As opposed to Lincoln’s more generalized criticisms of Douglas and the Democratic establishment, the use of an “I” statement personalizes the sentiment. Auston Moore HIST 1301 Signature Assignment “The House Divided Speech” (1858), Abraham Lincoln The “House Divided Speech” was a speech given by Abraham Lincoln who also documented the speech at the Republican State Convention in Springfield on June 16, 1858. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. The House Divided speech took place on June 16, 1858 in Springfield, Illinois. 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