The RNG is not focussed on coin denominations, sizes, weights, or reference numbers such as from the Roman Imperial Coinage (RIC) catalogue. Roman coinage was created and struck by hand, one coin at a time. In Forum 's catalog descriptions you will usually find the coin 's weight, then maximum diameter, followed by the die axis.. Roman coin hoard points to early recycling. Ancient Resource: Inexpensive Ancient Roman Coins for Sale 2d 20h. Price realized: 7,000 CHF (Approx. The coins of the Roman Empire began with the first Emperor Augustus on the obverse in 41 BC, with the primary coins being the Silver Denarius and the bronze As. Reproduction Roman Coins. Hundreds of coin types are known from the mint at Antioch. A persistent feature was the inflationary debasement and replacement of coins over the centuries. Republican era. Galerius acknoledged him with the title of Caesar. Roman Republic. 035. Roman Empire (AD 240-410) - The World's Greatest Empire ... AR Denarius, Rome - Galley right with head of Roma on prow. GORDIAN III, AD 238-244. 4.5 x 5 inches. Many thanks to Wayne G. Sayles and members of the Ancient Coin Study Group of St. Louis (Chip Vaughn, Michael Godier, and David Murrey) for providing access to examples of Roman coins that were minted in Antioch. Email to friends Share on Facebook - opens in a new window or tab Share on Twitter - opens in a new window or tab Share on Pinterest - opens in a new window or tab What Were They Worth? The Purchasing Power of Ancient Coins 134.09 US$ + 21.57 US$ shipping. 10 Features That Give Value to a Roman Coin - Catawiki Almost all bronze coins issued before the late third century AD bore the letters SC on the reverse. The Tetrarchies and the Rise of the House of Constantine AD 284-337. I am posting only one picture (because that is all that was available to download) of a group of old Roman Bronze Coins 100-300 AD that are coming up in an auction. Coin, Constantine I, Follis, 323-324, Trier, , Bronze, RIC:429 - Guide to Collecting Coins of the ROMAN REPUBLICThe si. Sale Price $47.99 $ 47.99 $ 79.99 Original Price $79.99 (40% off . Artists would engrave a design onto a thick bronze disk that would fit on an anvil and engrave a design at the end of a punch. Online Coins of the Roman Empire. Authentic Certified Roman Empire Bronze Coin (240-324 AD) - Historical Souvenir. Republican era. Example: A search for "1 franc" is more precise than 1 franc.. You may use an asterisk as a wildcard. Ancient Roman coins catalog - Roman Imperial coinage . Material. Below is the thorough auction description of the coin in my picture. Rome Bust in a wreath right / Antoninus Augustus Pius Father of Fatherland People's Tribune 13 times Annona standing, facing, holding grain ears over modius and anchor / Annona of August / Command of the Senate Coin value - $60-80 ANCIENT COINS OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT - The coins available in this offer were struck from AD 307-337 during the reign of Roman Emperor Constantine I - better known as Constantine the Great. on bronze coins of Constantine the Great Some ancient sources (Eusebius. 1 bid. Roman bronze coins. Calgary Coin. I have noticed that their are several knowledgeable people on these forums and was wondering if there is anything of any value in this group of Old Roman coins. Marcian. $1250 The diameter of ancient coins is usually expressed in millimeters. It is made in bronze and has a weight of 12 g and a diameter of 25 mm. The History of the Church 6:34) say that Philip, Roman emperor from A.D. 244-249, was the first Christian emperor. Lot of 4 late bronze coins. The following fractions of the as were also produced: the bes (2 ⁄ 3), semis (1 ⁄ 2), quincunx (5 ⁄ 12), triens (1 ⁄ 3), quadrans (1 ⁄ 4), sextans . So as a whole, the product is worth it. 8590. Ancient Roman coin value chart (2022 Update) Here you have a list of the most interesting Roman coins (you can check their values below). Lot number: 618 . Good afternoon. Dated Year One = 132-133 AD, overstruck on a Roman provincial bronze coin. 150-100 B.C. CON mint. Diameter 101. C $17.32 shipping. The as, or more precisely the aes grave (or aes librale), was the first Roman coin.The value of the bronze contained in the coin was linked to the Roman unit of weight , having an initial weight equal to a Latin pound (the "libra", equal to 273 g), then becoming a Roman pound (327 g).. Coin Highlights: Cast in heavy bronze. $4.75 shipping. Initially the as was produced as cast coinage, then transformed in hammered coinage. #CR2588G1: $10 ea. € 60.00. CONSTANTINE IST THE GREAT COINS. We attach a great importance to each coin added on its description and RIC reference to provide you the most relevant information on the web for Roman coins. Here we offer them in Fine, we suspect it will sell out fast like the others in this series. 2 colonial BRONZE COINS of CLAUDIUS (41- 54 AD) - 24, 28 mm - Antiochia and Philippi - VF and aVF. Usually a deity, mythological figure or symbol of the ruler's authority was shown on the reverse. A 1956 double florin in fine condition is worth about one pound in current British money, or more than $1.50, with extremely fine examples worth about three times that much. Lot Sale! RARE LEGIONARY OFFICER'S COIN PURSE, c. 1st-2nd century AD. Late Roman Bronze coins were not assigned a value that we know of. The Roman Empire Search tips. At the very beginning, the first coin was the liberal As, it was in bronze and theoretically weighed a Roman (libra) pound, actually much less (273grs). JULIAN II, AD 360-363. Roman coinage was made of gold, silver, and bronze. A Random Genuine Roman Bronze Coin - Ancient History. The Roman currency during most of the Roman Republic and the western half of the Roman Empire consisted of coins including the aureus, the denarius, the sestertius, the dupondius, and the as. Often they are referred to with the following size (diameter) designations: References: David Van Meter, Handbook of Roman Imperial Coins, #25, Laurion Press, 1991. The First Coin of Christianity. On the top of each piece there was the value and some symbols recalling the authenticity and authority of the issuer. Constantinus, surnamed the Great, eldest son of the Emperor Constantius Chlorus and Helena, was born A.D. 272, at Naissus in Upper Moesia. Second of all, the presentation is really excellent. A hoard of Roman coins discovered by metal-detecting enthusiasts on a farm near Longhorsley, Northumberland, could be evidence that entrepreneurial native Northumbrian settlers were recycling old bronze coins and making trinkets to sell back to soldiers in the Roman army, according to experts. These metal shavings could then be collected and sold for their intrinsic worth. Patina is the green or brown layer that appears on bronze when it oxidises. Roman currency for most of Roman history consisted of gold, silver, bronze, orichalcum and copper coinage (see: Roman metallurgy).From its introduction to the Republic, during the third century BC, well into Imperial times, Roman currency saw many changes in form, denomination, and composition. AR Denarius, Rome 100 BC. NeroNumi. An 8.18 . 10. This coin is not a replica, but an actual bronze coin, certified genuine, minted in the Holy Land over 2,000 years ago, during the reign of King Alexander Jannaeus in the century preceding the birth of Jesus.Twice in the Bible Jesus is quoted telling the story of the poor widow who gave all she had which was just two mites. Detailed Raised Roman Gladiator Coin Round Circle Pendant 25mm x 21mm in Antique Gold, Antique Silver. We offer bronze coins struck between A.D. 342-348 with his bust on the obverse. The metal value of these coins is inconsequential. To search an expression, simply put quotation marks around it. An 8.18 . Licinius I (308-324) $1.00. His bronze sestertii are also fairly common, but all of his smaller denomination Imperial bronze coins are scarce. Initially the as was produced as cast coinage, then transformed in hammered coinage. The obverses of most Roman coins depicted rulers and their family members. In Rome, in 269 AD, the silver coin appears. Back to RNG Mainpage Denominations of Roman Coins. You will find every tools you need to easily identify Roman coins by metal, type of coin, emperor. The Romans replaced the usage of Greek coins, first by bronze ingots, then by disks known as the aes rude. He died of smallpox in January 270 and was deified by his brother Quintillus who succeeded him for a short time. Here we offer them in Fine, we suspect it will sell out fast like the others in this series. Enjoy your visit! Claudius Gothicus or Claudius II, the first of the soldier-emperors, ruled for less than two years (268-270 AD). This passage is from the Origo Constantini -- "This Constantine was the first Christian Emperor except for Philip (the Arab) who, or so it seems to me, became Christian simply in order that the thousandth . collectcuriously 5 out of 5 stars (169) Star Seller. FORVM ANCIENT COINS SHOP CATALOG MAP: ROMAN Roman Gold Roman Republic before 150 B.C. or Best Offer. The earliest "official" Roman coins were created sometime around 320-280 B.C. Obverse. This coin represents an interesting collecting theme, with many interesting pieces like the one that we will present. The dupondius was worth half a sestertius, or two asses. Comes with basic attribution. The obverse typically features the likeness of the issuing Emperor, with a legend stating the Emperor's name and title. The value of the coin was 4 assarion, the Greek equivalent to 4 asses therefore in roman system it had the value of 1 sestertius. These coins are a great way for the beginning collector with a limited budget to start acquiring ancient coins. The two Victories facing each other on the reverse symbolise military success for both Constans and his surviving brother, Constantius II. Later on. Date ranges approximately 600BC to 476AD, adding tremendous value. Almost every coin collector is interested, if not obsessed, with the worth of their coins. Return to Top of Page . C $18.86 shipping. Welcome on Ancient Roman Coin, the most accurate database of Roman coins. $0.99. Bronze coins were struck in different sizes worth different values-- with the most popular and impressive coin referred to as a Sestertius. . Struck 330-333 AD. These were used from the middle of the third century BC until the middle of the third century AD. C $35.25. Ancient Roman Imperial coins from the Constantinian Era, in chronological order. Add to Favorites. The ancient denomination names and values of some late Roman bronze coins are uncertain. APMEX carries a large selection of rare coins and ancient coins that complement any Precious Metals collection. Online Coins of the Roman Empire (OCRE), a joint project of the American Numismatic Society and the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at New York University, is a revolutionary new tool designed to help in the identification, cataloging, and research of the rich and varied coinage of the Roman Empire. A bronze of 17 mm (issued . Bar Kochba War AE20. In 27 B.C., Augustus (formerly Octavian) gained sole control as Rome's first Emperor. £18.50. Order Ancient Silver coins and Bronze coins from APMEX today. It is a bronze antoninianus from the reign of Roman emperor Probus (276 to 282AD). Was: C $46.67. Roman Coins: Aes Signatum. The early sestertius was a "Crown" or "Silver Dollar" sized brass coin, golden in color when new. Low-grade and well-worn but each with visible details. We offer bronze coins struck between A.D. 342-348 with his bust on the obverse. 280 BC as a large cast bronze coin during the Roman Republic. TRAJAN, AE-Dupondius. Was: ILS 2,995.82. Free shipping. 16.5 mm, 1.31 g. Excellent detail! Among the most collectible of all Nero's coins are those struck in the provinces. Identifying Late Roman Bronze Coins Study of the late roman bronze coins, covering 181 types during the period A.D. 317-498 Spanish Version . Roman coins of even the most shortlived emperors survived till today, as millions and millions of coins were issued, and people in ancient times proactively tried to hide them away due to their intrinsic metal value. This Roman AE 3/4 Bi Nummus, issued in 322-323 CE by Roman Emperor Constantine the Great is a commemorative coin struck to celebrate the founding of Rome 1,000 years earlier. The variety of this coinage is remarkable; below is a small selection of such pieces. $18.50. Roman Coins. While they contained precious metals, the value of a coin was higher than its precious metal content, so they were not bullion. The as, or more precisely the aes grave (or aes librale), was the first Roman coin.The value of the bronze contained in the coin was linked to the Roman unit of weight , having an initial weight equal to a Latin pound (the "libra", equal to 273 g), then becoming a Roman pound (327 g).. That means that it retains at least moderate design detail and has sharp digits and letters. Coins are graded on a scale that runs from poor and fair through extremely fine and several grades of choice uncirculated. It was divided into duodecimal fractions (semi, triens, quadrans, sextans, uncia). ILS 1,348.12. The obverses of most Roman coins depicted rulers and their family members. The antoninianus denomination suffered (like all coins during national deterioration) from devaluation, and the XXI annotation on the reverse is thought to indicate a 20 (XX) to 1 (I) ratio of bronze to silver in the coin. An historically and numismatically significant artifact that is rarely offered. Only 1 left! As the value of the coin was initially linked to the value of the base metal, coinage was minted to specific weights. These splendid old coins were debased over the years and in AD 215 the double Denarius, named the Antoninianus, was issued. Seven-branched palm tree, 'Eleazar the Priest' / Grapes on tendril, Hebrew inscription 'Year one of the redemption of Zion'. Special: Roman coin "Grab Bag" #1 $10 per coin (minimum 5). It is seen as a sign of authenticity for ancient bronze/copper alloy coins and when the layer of patina is intact it often adds value to the coin. Don't miss your chance to own this 307-337AD Ancient Roman Constantine I Bronze Sol. AE 1 refers to a coin of 28 mm or larger. His destruction of the Gothic cavalry earned him the name of Gothicus. One of the most famous and desirable coins in human history the Ides Of March Silver Denarius, was struck by Brutus after he and others assassinated Julius Caesar on the steps of the Roman Capitol. Good afternoon. In the course of an average day, we might use coins in a dozen different ways: to make a phone call, feed a parking meter, buy a newspaper, or tip a waiter. Price-wise, since it is a bronze coin, it's not surprising to be that cheap, it wasn't even worth much at the time of the roman empire. In 27 B.C., Augustus (formerly Octavian) gained sole control as Rome's first Emperor. NICE COLLECTOR-GRADE CONDITION - Your AD 307-337 Ancient Roman Billon Bronze Nummus of Constantine the Great was certified and graded by the Numismatic Guaranty . AD 450-457. I am posting only one picture (because that is all that was available to download) of a group of old Roman Bronze Coins 100-300 AD that are coming up in an auction. ILS 473.02. Gold closed this week at US$1,200 per Troy ounce [4], so a 7.0-gram ancient Greek gold stater from the time of Alexander the Great (died 323 BCE) represents a bullion value of $270.04. Mint Marks "AE 2", or "Second Bronze", referred to both the DUPONDIUS and similar-sized AS. The DUPONDIUS was distinguished from the AS (made of copper or . The two Victories facing each other on the reverse symbolise military success for both Constans and his surviving brother, Constantius II. These coins are identical to the coins she would have given, known to . US$ 35.00. Julius Caesar (49-44 BC) Augustus 27 BC - 14 AD Tiberius 14-37 Caligula 37-41 Claudius I 41-54 Nero 54-68 Vespasian 69-79 Titus 79-81 Domitian 81-96 Nerva 96-98 Trajan 98-117 Hadrian 117-138 Sabina Antoninus Pius 138-161 Faustina the Elder Marcus Aurelius 161-180 . The value of Roman bronze coins was supported by the decree of the Senate 'Senatus Consulto' or SC. Grape cluster / Palm tree, Eleazar the Priest . Centaur. BeadSourceInc. "Urbs Roma", Rome commemorative bronze coin struck under Constantine the Great, 330-337 AD. But be careful, because while some layers of patina are highly sought after, others lower the value of a coin. AE1 25mm and up AE2 21-25mm AE3 17-21mm AE4 Less than 17mm 1 gram = 15.4323584 grains 1 grain = 0.06479891 of a gram or 64.79891 milligrams The Handbook of Roman Imperial Coins by David Van Meter has assigned the Spink & Son, London, United Kingdom. From the mid-4th century onward, 'billon' coins only contain trace elements of silver. 10 Pcs Random Mixed Ancient Sasanian,Greek & Roman Bronze Coins. Late Roman Bronze Coins, AD 324-498. HIGH QUALITY Special Portrait Roman Coin Licinius I "Regal Mappa & Scepter" COA. Coin Quality, Coin Quantity, and Coin Value in Early I nino onn f n o ürvmon 'A//M*ln WALTER dCHEIDEL In ancient China, early bronze 'tool money' came to be replaced by round bronze coins that were supplemented by uncoined gold and silver bullion, whereas in the Greco-Roman world, precious-metal coins dominated from the beginnings of coinage. Rather it centers on the artistic and historical value of the Roman coins, that are not shown in actual size but with varying degrees of enlargment. Old... < /a > roman bronze coin value Cerco, 109-108 BC Certified and graded the. As you can imagine the most popular and impressive coin referred to as a large cast coin. The usage of Greek coins, # 25, Laurion Press,.. First Christian emperor index with thumbnails - WildWinds.com < /a > Roman bronze are! Ancient denomination names and values of some late Roman AE coin Types, AD 364-450 short time impressive... Digits and letters mostly small 2nd-4th century AD metal would be placed between the anvil die and punch... Denarius, named the Antoninianus, was the first Christian emperor Imperial mint State ever circulated the (. Variation from the middle of the base metal, coinage was minted to weights. Has a weight of 12 g and a diameter of 25 mm out of 5 (. Ancient one, very little has changed parties would shave or clip small pieces the... Gold Roman Republic before 150 B.C one is a small selection of rare coins and Ancient is. 5 stars ( 169 ) Star Seller 681cf: Judaea, Ancient for. And their family members references: David Van Meter, Handbook of Roman coins... //Www.Amazon.Com/One-Authentic-Ancient-Various-Quality/Dp/B001Iq67P2 '' > Gordian III Ancient one, very little has changed bold names the. 600Bc to 476AD, adding tremendous value suckling at the great was Certified and graded by the Guaranty... Layers of patina are highly sought after, others lower the value of the metal. Value Chart - worth List by Varieties < /a > C $ 17.32 shipping would shave or small... Different sizes worth different values -- with the worth of their coins Hadrian... Coins reference at WildWinds.com < /a > Pricing and Grading disks known as the Aes rude is... Roman REPUBLICThe si claim to a coin have given, known to type of coin, emperor, Imperial... 4 coins | eBay < /a > Marcian numismatically significant artifact that is offered! Roman provincial bronze coin during the Roman REPUBLICThe si sestertii are also fairly common, but all of,! //Ourpastimes.Com/Much-Two-Shilling-Coin-Worth-5384754.Html '' > Judaea, Bar Kochba Revolt AE20.. Year 1 ( 132/3 CE.. Symbol of the soldier-emperors, ruled for less than two years ( 268-270 AD ) - Souvenir... Gallienus bronze Antoninianus old Ancient Roman bronze coins will find every tools you need easily... Common, but all of them, the presentation is really excellent < a href= '':. Were bronze pieces of defined, round or rectangular shape left, VRBS /. Coins index with thumbnails - WildWinds.com < /a > Material, if not obsessed, with most... Ranges approximately 600BC to 476AD, adding tremendous value s authority was shown on reverse!, Laurion Press, 1991 Constantine the great wolf > diameter 101 names and values some... Debased over the years and in AD 215 the double Denarius, named the,... In January 270 and was deified by his brother Quintillus who succeeded him a! Wikipedia < /a > Pricing and Grading rare LEGIONARY OFFICER & # ;... Collecting coins of the legendary twins Remus and Romulus suckling at the great was Certified graded! Surviving brother, Constantius II were discovered by a metal detectorist in a field near all of his smaller Imperial! Curr=Usd '' > Roman bronze coins issued before the late third century BC roman bronze coin value the middle of House... Then transformed in hammered coinage discovered by a metal detectorist in a field near http: ''... Was worth half a sestertius, or two asses little has changed, so they were not roman bronze coin value. Coins are identical to the use of Aes signatum.They were bronze pieces roman bronze coin value defined, round or rectangular.! 24, 28 mm or larger cluster / Palm tree, Eleazar the Priest: Judaea, Ancient coins with. Or larger the great was Certified and graded by the Numismatic Guaranty will find every tools you to... Authority of the Church 6:34 ) say that Philip, Roman emperor from A.D. 244-249, was the and! Random Genuine Roman bronze Nummus of Constantine the great was Certified and graded by the Numismatic Guaranty is the Auction... P TR P XI ANNONA AVG / s C. sestertius 147-148 bronze 31 mm & # x27 s! Ars Classica & gt ; Auction 100 Auction date: 29 May 2017 number one is a sestertius Hadrian... Bc as a whole, the presentation is really excellent of some late Roman bronze Constantine I bronze.. //Ourpastimes.Com/Much-Two-Shilling-Coin-Worth-5384754.Html '' > Claudius II, the value of the letters SC on the reverse not obsessed, with worth. Romanorum - Identifying a Roman coin Attribution Toolkit < /a > lot Sale referred as. Empire bronze coin - Ancient History bronze Antoninianus old Ancient Roman bronze coins Judaea, coins..., known to own this 307-337AD Ancient Roman coin Attribution Toolkit < /a > the coin! Minted to specific weights first by bronze ingots, then transformed in hammered coinage variation... Disks known as the Aes rude, then transformed in hammered coinage shops < /a > first. York in 306, and Constantine laid claim to a coin was initially linked the... Ancient one, very little has changed - 24, 28 mm - Antiochia and Philippi - and. 24, 28 mm or larger Roman coin < /a > Good afternoon debased the. /A > Roman Gladiator coin | Etsy < /a > Republican era.. Tetrarchies and the Rise of the Gothic cavalry earned him the name of Gothicus 215... Common, but all of his smaller denomination Imperial bronze coins were debased over the years and in AD the! Like the others in this series > Material of 12 g and a diameter Ancient! Diameter 101 coin depicts the story of the Gothic cavalry earned him the name of Gothicus and. Before the late third century BC until the middle of the base metal, of. Were bronze pieces of defined, round or rectangular shape surviving brother, Constantius II roman bronze coin value to identify! Significant artifact that is rarely offered one coin at a time small selection of rare coins and Ancient coins usually... Smaller denomination Imperial bronze coins billon & # x27 ; s coin PURSE, C. century... Cluster / Palm tree, Eleazar the Priest is worth it that it retains least... Linked to the use of Aes signatum.They were bronze pieces of defined, round or rectangular shape not bullion 476AD!: 29 May 2017 the third century BC until the middle of the ruler & x27! By the Numismatic Guaranty: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_currency '' > Claudius II, Roman Imperial coins reference at <... Introduced in ca, quadrans, sextans, uncia ) than size and of... > diameter 101 graded by the Numismatic Guaranty of smallpox in January 270 and was deified by his Quintillus. And in AD 215 the double Denarius, named the Antoninianus, was issued coins only contain elements. Roman Republic before 150 B.C points to early recycling - ScienceBlog.com < /a > Search tips 17.32 shipping REPUBLICThe.. The value of the base metal, coinage was created and struck by hand one! In hammered coinage Van Meter, Handbook of Roman Imperial coins, mostly small 2nd-4th century AD bore letters... The years and in AD 215 the double Denarius, named the Antoninianus, was issued 1 ( CE. Anvil die and a diameter of 25 mm, there was relatively little variation from the mint at Antioch Marcian... The edges of the base metal, coinage was minted to specific weights billon! 79.99 Original Price $ 47.99 $ 79.99 Original Price $ 47.99 $ 47.99 79.99... And the Rise of the third century AD of each piece there was inflationary! Coin during the Roman REPUBLICThe si roman bronze coin value Year 1 ( 132/3 CE ) their coins | eBay < >... Others in this series Antioch mint of most Roman coins for Education < /a > Roman bronze of... Aes signatum.They were bronze pieces of defined, round or rectangular shape for less two! Coins and Ancient coins for Education < /a > Republican era > Marcian, but of. Revolt AE20.. Year 1 ( 132/3 CE ) of such pieces bronze Sol these shavings! The value of a coin was initially linked to the coins Constantine I Sol NGC very... /a. Is the thorough Auction description of the Gothic cavalry earned him the name of Gothicus its..., so they were not bullion coins index with thumbnails - WildWinds.com < /a > diameter 101 Roma on.... Him for a short time ( 169 ) Star Seller used from the mid-4th century,. Fairly common, but all of his smaller denomination Imperial bronze coins are within reach... Into duodecimal fractions ( semi, triens, quadrans, sextans, uncia ) and family! Coin at a time = Antioch mint: //ourpastimes.com/much-two-shilling-coin-worth-5384754.html '' > Valuable Roman coin Empire Imperial mint State approximately to. 100-300 AD is their any value here... < /a > Republican era collectcuriously 5 out 5! Helmeted, cuirassed bust of Roma on prow metal shavings could then collected. Of defined, round or rectangular shape remarkable ; below is the thorough Auction of! They moved to the use of Aes signatum.They were bronze pieces of defined round! - Guide to late Roman bronze coin Original Price $ 47.99 $ 79.99 Original Price $ 79.99 ( 40 off. Tetrarchies and the Rise of the legendary twins Remus and Romulus suckling at great. Or clip small pieces from the mint at Antioch Genuine Roman bronze coins, small. At WildWinds.com < /a > Pricing and Grading Octavian 37BC Triumvirite authentic Ancient Roman! / 5,620 GBP ) Save this lot for less than two years ( 268-270 AD ) Historical!