Monarch Elizabeth II; Prime Minister Boris Johnson (Conservative); Parliament 58th; Events January. Check your summons letter for the exact time. The government must prove the crime was committed "beyond a reasonable doubt.". The barrister asks the witness whether police officers went back to him in September this year and showed him the WalesOnline article again - he says they did. Then click Get Directions to get step-by-step directions to find the court centre from yo Emails: Case progression: caseprogression@stalbans.crowncourt.gsi.gov.uk. History of the judiciary in England and Wales, Judiciary and Data Protection: privacy notice, Health, Education and Social Care Chamber, Upper Tribunal Administrative Appeals Chamber, Upper Tribunal Immigration and Asylum Chamber, War Pensions and Armed Forces Compensation Chamber. Gwysfa Road, Ynystawe. He is also taking the members of the jury through a series of reports of car thefts and the thefts of number plates. Syndication & Licensing 2022 Media Wales Ltd Home News Swansea Crown Court We cover the latest appearances, trials and sentences in Swansea. The next witness to give evidence will be the victim of an attempted burglary in Prince Road, Kenfig Hill, on December 29 - she is a woman in her 80s. The Law Courts St Helen's Road Swansea South Wales SA1 4PF Crown Court location code: 457 DX: 99540 Swansea 4. https://www.thelawpages.com/court-hearings-lists/Swansea-Crown-Court.php As a Merthyr Tydfil Crown Court. Read More. You can change your cookie settings at any time. Bronwen Weatherby. Wasn't looking forward to doing it but absolutely loved it! Christine Joyce, 59, of Millstream Way travellers site, Swansea Vale, who denies conspiracy to commit burglary with intent to steal. To view the Daily Court Status of other Crown Court Centres that have XHIBIT return to the Court List. Pant y Helyg, Fforestfach. Romans Funeral Home Kingston, Jamaica Obituaries, The Girl Who Drank The Moon Chapter 13 Summary, what command starts with a verb in childcare, onpoint mobile deposit funds availability. He says it was a highly-organised, sophisticated, brazen spate of break-ins targeting houses perceived as belonging to affluent owners or houses where elderly people lived. Sway Road 21 spaces. This court has hearing enhancement facilities, Canteen is open between 08:30 and 14:30
Parents who caused death of disabled teenager 'lacked support', court told. Lewis Haines, 31, admits killing 18-year-old Lily Sullivan but denies the attack had a sexual element. The City and County of Swansea v Swansea Crown Court & Anor. Burglary. Do you know St Albans Crown Court? . Audi Q3 stolen. 11 min. Simply click on Directions on the map marker or the listing beneath the map and enter your address or post code. The barrister asks him now about the WalesOnline article from January - he asks whether anyone had told him to look at the article. The shop remains closed at this time. On-going cases may continue regardless of school closings, at the judge's discretion, if the Court is open. The second week was the full 5 days for a gun theft crime! When events occur in Court this page will be updated. Occupants saw white Audi parked opposite house when they got home. We value people who work well in a team, demonstrate humanity and want to make a difference through the work they do. Capel Road, Clydach Mill Race, Neath Abbey. Two men seen cutting and kicking a glass panel before running off after a dog barked. Pen yr Heol, Skewen. Incumbents. Tickets cost $7 - $9 and the journey takes 1h 10m. The lane only has one entrance and exit and does not lead anywhere. A man from South Wales was jailed for 33 years in 2019 for serious sexual offences against three of his daughters, spanning 20 years, one of whom was also his granddaughter. A jury took seven hours and 10 minutes to find the 45-year-old guilty of manslaughter by gross negligence. 15 June 2020. to destination. Vision and Mission; News and Events; Accreditation; Global Connect; Management April 12, 2021 5:39 pm (Updated 6:43 pm) A mother has been told she must appear for jury duty at court despite still breastfeeding her two-month-old baby. This court is Active. Thursday 02 March 2023 20:00. Get directions to Swansea Crown Court by simply clicking on directions on the map marker or the listing beneath the map and enter your address or post code. The house was all messed up. Jewellery stolen. Wed like to set additional cookies so we can remember your settings, understand how people use the service and to improve government services. Shiny black VW Golf seen nearby. On the phone was a thumbnail image of a CCTV picture which the victims of a burglary at Western Avenue in Sandfields, Port Talbot, had posted online following the November incident. This is a new service your feedback will help us to improve it. You will be able to share information with court staff, the judge and the . If you have a tip-off about an upcoming case then contact us at newsdesk@walesonline.co.uk and we'll do our best to be there. Clydach Road, Ynysforgan. (May 13, 2022 / JNS) A neo-Nazi in the United Kingdom is on trial for allegedly being part of a banned extremist group performed a Hitler salute in the Buchenwald concentration camp, reported The Jewish Chronicle.. Alex Davies, 27, went on tour to Germany to Buchenwald to give the Nazi salute in the execution chamber that was a flagrant and provocative breach of You may be entitled to an allowance for financial loss during the period you had to be at court. You cannot use this service if you live in Northern Ireland. Burglary. Judge Thomas said Ms Redfern, who was not represented at the hearing, should be told she could have her sentence and fine increased. Her room was said to be dirty and cluttered, with bottles of urine and a chip fryer with drips of fat down the side, as well as a full cake in a box. Burglary. 14/10/2021. Attempted burglary. Crime. 10 Merthyr Tydfil Crown Court 15 June 2020 : Bubble, Jul 4, 2021 #8. The infant suffered a serious head injury at her home in July 2020 and died in hospital. This court is Active. Three men with faces covered seen running from property. Attempted burglary at the home of an 80-year-old. Man in court after being charged with murdering two-year-old Lola James. HMCTS staff at all levels and the officers and staff of the City Council, together with skilled contractors worked tirelessly for a fortnight to enable the deadline for opening to be met. Lawrence Henderson, for Kieran Joyce, asks if it is possible for DNA to be transferred even without the contributor being present in the same room. Alternatively, FlixBus operates a bus from Swansea City Bus Station to Cardiff Royal Welsh College of Music twice daily. The next evidence presented to the jury will be from South Wales Police detective constable Huw Maddock. Pentrechwyth Road, Pentrechwyth. Liverpool Crown Court ; EncroChat; 16:35, 2 JUN 2022. SA1 4PF, Enquiries: Contacts.swansea.crowncourt@justice.gov.uk, Disabled access, toilet and parking facilities, Interview rooms are available at this court, This court has hearing enhancement facilities. The bedroom of the occupants son, largely untouched since his death in 2009, was searched. Witness: I recognised the guy on the lane as one of them., Barrister: Did the article name the person?. Find the travel option that best suits you. Then click Get Directions to get step-by-step directions to find the court centre from yo Filter. In an update to his reflections on how Swansea Crown Court adapted to COVID-19, His Honour Judge Geraint Walters shares his experience of presiding over jury trials at the new Nightingale court in Swansea. Lon Hir, Pontardawe. she called the court baliff today to ask permission to use her (my wifes..) car, and was told it would be ok. Delffordd, Rhos, Pontardawe. This information applies to all victims of sexual violence - including women and girls and men and boys. The transformation of the one-time Council Chamber and the other rooms allocated to us was truly remarkable. The legal issues have been discussed and agreed and the trial resumes. Swansea Crown Court. Cleaning products were applied to door handles and light switches. The court hears it is 100,000 times more likely that the DNA came from Keiran Joyce junior and three unknown males rather than from four unknown individuals. Email Address of Swansea Crown Court The email address of Swansea Crown Court is enquiries@swansea.crowncourt.gsi.gov.uk. 2A - Swansea - Newton. He showed no emotion as the the unanimous verdicts were delivered. This account already exists. Juror Pay. The barrister says in the case of her client, Connors, if she had removed a bobble from her hair her DNA would remain in it even if the bobble was then taken to another location - the witness agrees. He says a number of internet searches had been made on the phone relating to Louis Vuitton bags for sale with the searches beginning at four minutes past midnight on August 5. All my wifes jewellery boxes were emptied., Barrister: So far as you could tell, had all the rooms been searched?, Witness: The drawers were emptied in each room. On Thursday 20 August 2020 as a mark of the close collaboration between the Court Service and the City Council we were pleased to be able to show the current Lord Mayor of Swansea what had been achieved by the efforts of all involved. The prosecution barrister asks the witness what accent the man who spoke to her had, and she replied: A Port Talbot, a Welsh accent.. Youve rejected additional cookies. The Daily Court Status can be seen here everyday from 10:00 am. Sarah Lloyd-Jones and Alun Titford have been jailed for the gross negligence manslaughter of their daughter, Kaylea Titford, 16. You must bring your jury summons with you each day. Leave your comments, questions and feedback on this listing below. Tygwyn Road, Clydach. A corrupt senior Crown prosecutor - who pocketed cash to use his position to discontinue a court case - had spiralling debts of almost 1million, a jury heard today. Lucy Dowdall is a Senior Crown Prosecutor in the CPS Cymru-Wales Rape and Serious Sexual Offences (RASSO) team. The jury are still being told the list of burglaries. Inderjeet Kaur, 29, admitted to having taken approximately 150 theory and practical driving tests on behalf of candidates between 2018 and 2020. Court #344. Members of the Criminal Bar Association have walked out in a dispute over pay and conditions. They were then balloted in open court in their absence and once the 12 had been selected they were brought into court and put in charge in the conventional way. Court Name Start date 1 Bristol Crown Court 18 May 2020 8 Swansea Crown Court 15 June 2020 : 9 Newport Crown Court 15 June 2020 . Youll usually need to be at court from 10am to 5:30pm Monday to Friday, but times can vary. Or by navigating to the user icon in the top right. Mr Appleby also says he takes issue with some of the figures for probability quoted by Miss Knottley earlier and says the DNA profiles of some of the defendants are remarkably close. She says she couldnt see anything so went to the front door. Untidy search made, two males seen running from property. Dr Gillian Richardson, who was head of the Welsh vaccine programme, has also been honoured. The jurors listen to the evidence and decide on the findings of fact and the conclusion of the inquest. Scammers are mimicking genuine HMCTS phone numbers and email addresses. Burglary. Jewellery stolen. Enquiries 0300 332 1000 (Witness service) Welsh language helpline Find the perfect swansea crown court stock photo. 700 in cash, jewellery, a 32in TV, and Bose sound system stolen. You will need to fill in the defence form which you would have received from Swansea Crown Court. Check the bus operators website if in doubt, dont trust bustimes.org. 1 January The warmest New Year's Day on record is reported, with temperatures of 16.2 C (61.2 F) in St James's Park, Central London. Burglary. If the trial is shorter than 10 days, you may be asked to be a juror on other trials. DX: 99540 Swansea 4. 1.1 This Practice Direction applies to proceedings in the County Court. I dont drive, and to be in court for 9am which is stated on the letter, means trying to get 2 buses and then walking . She was also told which car park to use which is a good 20 mins walk and not the closest. Liverpool City Centre. SA1 1SP, What to expect coming to a court or tribunal. The Jury Selection and Service Act establishes the process for selecting jurors and outlines qualifications a person must meet to serve on a federal jury. An exterior view of Swansea Crown Court on November 21, 2016 in Swansea, United Kingdom. Cookies on Find a Court or Tribunal. They were allowed home that evening and reached a verdict an hour into Thursday. Full-time. The barrister says not only is secondary transfer possible but also tertiary transfer - the witness says that is possible but the quantity of DNA recovered would decrease with each transfer. Obafemi has started 13 of Swansea's last 14 matches since playing from the outset in the 1-0 loss to Luton Town. The court hears the car drove off while the witness was still holding on to the window and she took a few steps while grabbing the window before letting go. The case will resume at 10.30am tomorrow when Mr Wright will continue telling the jury about the dates and locations of the burglaries in the alleged conspiracy. Scammers are mimicking genuine HMCTS phone numbers and email addresses. Yesterday, at Swansea Crown Court, 70-year-old Anthony Williams was imprisoned for 5 years for the manslaughter of his wife, Ruth. HHJ Walters explains: "Planned with military precision the Civic Centre Court opened on Monday the 17 . In response to questions from the barrister she says it was her daughter who showed her the WalesOnline article with its photographs on her mobile phone because Im not very good with mobiles. The case, which is being heard at Swansea Crown Court by Judge Keith Thomas, continues. The car sounded its horn as they approached and two men ran from the property and got in. When events occur in Court this page will be updated. She says at that point three men ran down the path at the side of the house, crossed the front garden, and jumped over the garden wall - she says one of the men said told her they had the wrong house and then laughed. DX: 120500 Luton 6 . Bystanders recorded the disturbance on their mobile phones which . Disabled parking for jurors/witness on request. Cymraeg, The Law Courts He frequently raped his daughters from the ages of 12, 13, or 14, fathering six of his own grandchildren with one. Court building open: 8:30am to 5pm Court counter open: 8:30am to 5pm Telephones: 8:30am to 5pm, Visiting
While each legal jurisdiction usually has its own legislation governing maritime Disqualified. You must be at least 18 years old to create an account, Must be at least 6 characters, include an upper and lower case character and a number, I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from Evening Standard. St Helen's Road Eppynt Road, Penlan, Swansea. He says: I said to the wife: Heres the bloke I seen in the lane and he is wanted for burglaries.. Mr Wright: What had happened angered you?, Witness: It did. Thursday 02 March 2023 20:10. In response to questions the witness confirms there was no mention of his having seen a man in the back in his original police statement, which was given shortly after the burglary - though he says he did mention the incident to the officer he spoke to. 3,000-worth of jewellery stolen. to destination. Parkhill Terrace, Treboeth, Swansea. In recent days the court has been hearing legal arguments about forensics in the case - these issues have now been agreed. New Quarr Road, Treboeth, Swansea. Again, my name is called first. The court hears that around 90 minutes before the first search was carried out a Louis Vuitton bag and purse had been stolen during a burglary in Morriston. By Ruchira Sharma. Crime. T. he Court of Appeal has refused to increase the sentence of a pensioner jailed for strangling his wife to death days into California pays jurors $15 every day starting on the second day of service, except employees of governmental entities who receive full pay and benefits from their employers while on jury service. Address of Swansea Crown Court The address of Swansea Crown Court is St Helens Road, Swansea, South Wales, Australia. Lewis Haines appeared at Swansea Crown Court on Friday. In an update to his reflections on how Swansea Crown Court adapted to COVID-19, His Honour Judge Geraint Walters shares his experience of presiding over jury trials at the new Nightingale court in Swansea.
U.S. citizens, 18-years-old and older, may qualify to serve in the federal courts on a jury. It can be challenging at times. Sheffield Probate Sub-Registry . Witness service: 0300 332 1353. Pen-y-cae, Port Talbot. Jurors failed to reach a verdict in the case of Tony Rowlands, who faced a single charge of ill-treating or neglecting a person who lacks mental capacity, an offence he denied. Ford Fiesta seen outside. 8,000-worth of jewellery taken along with cash from a childs money box. On the day of the attack at around 4.50pm, Dyfed-Powys Police received a call from a man. accomplish. Quay West The court heard that Kaylea, who had spina bifida and used a wheelchair, died after suffering inflammation and infection from ulceration, arising from obesity and immobility. Help us to improve our website;let us know
About being a Witness Service Volunteer. fill in the 'acknowledgement of service' form and tick the box to say you wish to defend all of the claim. The officer is now telling the jury about a Mobiwire phone belonging to James Joyce which was recovered by police from a house in Llangyfelach Road, Brynhyfryd, in January this year. Find out what's new at the Crown Prosecution Service's digital News Centre. I did jury service at Winchester Crown Court about 15 years ago. After this time, you should ask the Jury Manager of the court where your case is being heard. Heol Mabon, Cwmavon. Tickets cost $30 - $50 and the journey takes 56 min. disabled access or parking; to help me get an update; Start now Before you search. Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. After they had heard all the evidence the jury decided that Rahman had committed the three acts. A burglar alarm sounds, and people run from the house to a waiting Ford Fiesta. Despite rigorous pre-trial management of the first listed trial, the defendant decided to plead on the day. School Road, Llanelli. Now, for a short time, you will serve as a juror, an officer of the court, along with the lawyers and the judges. 264 Posts. A neighbour challenges the driver of the car, and is threatened with the words: Come on then, I will stab you. The car drives off. Gwernfadog Road, Morriston. Singer Bonnie Tyler, from Swansea, has received an MBE. Lucy Dowdall of the CPS said: The victim in this case showed tremendous courage coming forward, knowing the position of power Rahman held within the community. The barrister says secondary transfer is the kind of evidence that leads people to being wrongly linked to crime scenes or objects and could lead to innocent people being wrongly accused. About Jury Service. Thats it for this mornings evidence - we are taking an early lunch as the court is needed for the official swearing in ceremony for new magistrates. Jewellery stolen including gold and diamond eternity ring. Swansea Crown Court. Its a civic obligation. This afternoon the jury will hear evidence in the case from forensic scientist Rachel Knottley. Austin Close, Porthcawl. The court hears it is 500 times more likely that the DNA came from the owner of the bag, Daniel Joyce, and an unknown male rather than from the owner of the bag and two unknown individuals excluding Daniel Joyce. Khandaker Rahman, 67, had been conducting Koran lessons at the Mosque when he committed three separate offences against the child. Swansea Crown Court Crown Prosecution Service rape. Burglary. Witness service: 0300 332 1000. Glantawe Street 18 spaces. 03/05/2021 01:02. to destination. Swansea. Learn about careers at Cox Media Group. Royal Oak Road, Blackpill, Swansea. Were committed to securing justice for victims of sexual violence and this guide explains what you can expect from the criminal justice system if you decide to report what has happened to the police. Oh, and you wouldn't even have to speak in court, you'd go into a private back room with the rest of the jury, discuss whether you think the defendant is guilty or not then one person would stand up and say either guilty or not guilty. Croeso/Welcome to our coverage of todays evidence in the trial. HHJ Walters explains: Planned with military precision the Civic Centre Court opened on Monday the 17 August 2020. Court/hearing room video facilities and prison to court video link facilities are available by prior arrangement. Rooms were set aside for the Crown Prosecution Service, Robing Room, Witness service, Witness waiting room, Defendant waiting room, Staff room, Judges retiring room, Jury assembly areas and Jury retiring room. I can tell you, having just left Swansea Crown Court that the whole juror system is in need of a revamp and restructuring as there is indeed a disgraceful waste of tax payers money utilising the current system. If you get a jury summons for jury service on a certain date, you might be sworn in as a juror on a trial. A Swansea carer has been acquitted of the neglect and ill treatment of vulnerable adults in his care, after a jury failed to reach a verdict. A large quantity of jewellery stolen, along with a white Audi A5. Leave your comments, questions and feedback on this listing below. Mr Hughes told the court how Ms Pitman and a colleague were arrested mid-shift by armed officers while working at a Swansea city centre Tesco. Burglary. He was released on bail ahead of his sentencing at Swansea Crown Court on March 1 but was warned by the judge he faces prison. The jury summons will inform you of the date of the trial you have been summoned to be a juror on. Jeffrey Gafoor in profile, Conspiracist said he left Novichok at castle to win Turner Prize, Welsh police DNA test cow to prove farmer stole it from neighbour, Woman murdered with boiling oil after rows with husband, Chip shop owner killed wife by throwing boiling oil over her, Man who fathered six kids with daughter and raped grandchild jailed, Man convicted of rape after fathering six children with own daughter, Mother whose baby died after she took him out drinking freed from jail, Man 'killed paedophile pensioner after exchanging alcohol for sex', Month-old baby dies after drunk mother passes out on him on night out, Teenage mother stabbed in eyes and throat in front of toddler. The Witness Service provides practical and emotional support and information to witnesses so that they feel valued, respected and informed and able to give their best evidence in court. You can change your cookie settings at any time. Listing: 01792 637021. Trained by our most experienced existing staff they took to their duties like ducks to water. The 16-year-old weighed 22st 13lb, with a BMI of 70, at the time of her death, a trial at Mold Crown Court heard. Keys to a Jaguar car stolen. This court has a childrens room facility. 20 min. Search for your bus stop to find where your bus will arrive and depart. Enquiries 0300 332 1353 (Witness Service) Welsh language helpline 03003035178 (for Welsh - speakers) . A spokesman for Powys Teaching Health Board said the child practice review will consider the issues raised by this tragic case. Bank holiday Thursday and Friday bank holiday timetables will operate in most cases, so therell be fewer buses, like on a Sunday. Newport (South Wales) Crown Court - Find contact details, opening times, how to get to here, types of cases managed, disabled access to the building. 3 min. 2.5. Swansea Crown Court heard the 26-year-old spends much of his time in his bedroom on his computer. 30 April 2021. Large quantity of gold jewellery stolen. Youll get a claim form with your jury summons. L-R: HHJ Walters, Lord Mayor Cllr Mark Child and HHJ P Thomas QC. Now 2 hours. The jurors had all managed without exception to arrive in the correct building. Security was a priority. 5,000-worth of jewellery stolen along with a black VW Golf R. Crymlyn Parc, Skewen. Lung specialist Dr Kim Harrison, of Clydach, near Swansea, died in hospital a month after sustaining a head injury. The jury decides whether the defendant is guilty. The witness tells the court samples were lifted from the item and a mixed DNA sample contributed by a number of individuals was recovered. There is a canteen and you are given 5.50 for dinner each day. I enter the compact jury box. THE CLOSING arguments in the trial of a Haverfordwest primary school teacher accused of sexually assaulting 11 children have been heard at Swansea Crown Court today (Apr 30). He said he used to take her to medical appointments and care for her but stepped back when she reached puberty as he was not comfortable. The court won't pay you to do jury service, but you can claim expenses such as food, drink and travel. Burglary. Rahman had denied the offences but when the trial was heard in June 2022 . She tells the court that on the evening in question she was laying on the sofa in the back living room of her property watching football on TV. Burglary. 2.1 Appeals within the County Court, appeals from the County Court and appeals within the High Court to a judge of the High Court must be brought in the appropriate appeal centre and all other notices (including any respondent's notice) and applications must be filed at that appeal centre. Our thanks go out to her for the unwavering support she has shown to this prosecution.. When events occur in Court this page will be updated. The officers says police also found a picture of a Louis Vuitton bag and purse on a bed in a file on the phone marked WhatsApp/Sent. Prosecution barrister Mr Wright is now taking the jury through a series of CCTV images and shop receipts linked to a number of the defendants for the purchase of items including training shoes from Asda and Shoe Zone in Morriston and a pack of three ski masks from Halfords on Swansea Enterprise Zone. Items stolen including 15 Royal Doullton figurines. 14 min. The males ran to a waiting black car. Burglary. Car Parks Street Private. The following week we had found enough space to socially distance a second jury panel and therefore there will no longer be a need to wait for a verdict before commencing another trial. 9.50 an hour. SA1 4PF, What to expect coming to a court or tribunal. Waun Gron Road, Treboeth, Swansea. If you have a disability and need help coming to a hearing, please contact Public parking is not available at this Court. Mr Wright now turns his attention to a mixed DNA sample recovered from the steering wheel of a stolen BMW car. Fenbrook Close, Aberavon. Cardiff Three: What happened to the men wrongly jailed for murder? Emergency service workers, who were called to the house after she was found on October 10, described feeling sick due to a rotting smell in her room. Responsive employer. Scaffolder Jeff Plevey, 56, was crushed to death when a derelict church in Cardiff collapsed in 2017. Easily apply to this job. Heol Fryn, Birchgrove, Swansea. After the verdict, judge Mr Justice Griffiths told jurors they could access support services, including the Samaritans, and gave them a 10-year exemption from jury service because of the unusually distressing subject matter heard at the trial. The witness says he shouted at the stranger and the man looked straight at him for a couple of seconds then walked off. You must send your claim within 14 days of completing jury service. The teenager's parents were sentenced at Swansea Crown Court by Mr Justice Griffiths. Thats right, Her Maj takes justice seriously and just to show how seriously she takes it shes parked twelve 6 guns in four triple turrets outside SCC to discourage miscreants and show villains that she means business. To view the Daily Court Status of other Crown Court Centres that have XHIBIT return to the Court List. White Audi car seen in the area. Home; About Us. But the court would only pay 3.70 parking per day, the true cost is 6.00 is this correct? Swansea : South Wales : SA1 4PF : Country: Wales : Telephone: 01792 637000: Fax: 01792 637049: DX: DX 99540 Swansea 4 : Email: contacts.swansea.crowncourt@justice.gov.uk: Court Hearings List: Swansea Crown Court Daily / Current Hearing List: Website: https://courttribunalfinder.service.gov.uk/courts/swansea-crown However, many of our jurors also find it very satisfying and meaningful to take an active part in the justice system. The witness says he does not believe the machine is capable of producing the kinds of results the prosecution are putting forward - he says he believes the statistical tools are being asked to do things they werent designed to do. Euros 1,000 and car keys stolen. The Coroners Service Manager will check your form and decide one of three things.